Summary: The human dopaminergic system is driven by unexpected rewards, and is shut off by the denial of expected rewards. I discuss the origins and influence of dopamine in regards to feeling and behavior, its relationship to creativity and schizophrenia, and some things that a GM can learn from it.
 |
| Would you like to know more? |
Patrick Stuart at False Machine shared an interesting video about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation; the gist of it was that creative output in intrinsically motivated situations substantially outstrips even reward-based extrinsic motivation, and in fact when an intrinsically motivating activity is suddenly clad in the exoskeleton of a goal-setting or reward system, it often loses its motive power completely.
http://falsemachine.blogspot.com/2020/09/a-video-you-should-watch.html
I shared a bit of what I've learned about the human dopaminergic system and a few ideas about how it applies to RPGs. Patrick said I should make it into a blog post, so here it is.
---The human dopaminergic system is built on unexpected reward. There are two basic elements to the system: first, dopamine blossoms in your brain when you receive an unexpected reward, and second, your dopamine is massively curtailed when you are denied an *expected* reward (ie disappointment). This is why it’s so delightful to unexpectedly read something very interesting, but it’s so crushing to have a date cancel on you. “Christmas is canceled.”
Dopamine is the exploration neurotransmitter because you receive it when you encounter something worthwhile, something that has potential. Memory retention is heightened during a dopaminergic state because obviously it's worthwhile to remember the details of something valuable and how you got there. Think of when you discover something like a great restaurant or a beautiful place. Obviously this feeling can come from conversation when you're exploring a subject with somebody and they say something or you realize something really interesting. You get all dopaminergic; you wake up, life is filled with potential, everything that you're talking about glows with information and insight. You feel like you want to fight, but in a good way; you feel excited, bold, ready to move, ready to act, and like your brain is bathed in golden light. You get a feeling of extreme meaning.
If you want to break down something extremely meaningful to the level of hookers and blow, that feeling is also what makes people love cocaine, because coke prevents your brain from getting rid of dopamine or something like that. So you can talk for hours because everything’s fascinating and good to you, even if it's actually pretty meaningless (promise I’m not on coke). People love drugs like that because it makes their lives seem meaningful, dopamine is the meaning neurotransmitter because it helps you *see* meaning, because when your brain locks on to something it perceives as interesting, whether as something on the border of your knowledge or as a source of good things, it turns you on and makes you want to approach it. It's associated more with approach than other positive chemicals like serotonin and endorphins.
This is all part of the variable reward system of casinos and MMOs. You’re always *seeing* the next victory; always wanting.
Now here’s an interesting bit of chemistry.
Prolactostatin is a hormone that blocks dopamine release. A man gets a big dose of prolactostatin when he has an orgasm, presumably so he won’t fuck himself into a heat stroke. It’s the cause of the “refractory period” where your body won’t permit more sex, and presumably is also responsible for the feeling that you aren’t unhappy but otherwise can’t be bothered; you have a superabundance of endorphins and serotonin but your dopamine levels are low, low, low. My guess is that it lingers to some degree for some time after an orgasm, because it’s commonly observed that an orgasm can lower intrinsic motivation. You lay there and let yourself be cuddled while the world blooms around you. My guess is that this system is responsible for historical injunctions against masturbation and modern pageantry like no fap November; I’ve never taken after that, but old and seemingly-irrational ideas sometimes have a firm basis which has always been experienced, but couldn’t be articulated in clear terms until much later.
Dopamine, creativity, schizophrenia, and mania
Dopamine is also associated with creativity, which involves the generation of new ideas and the perception of connections that went hitherto unnoticed. Dopamine is linked to schizophrenia and mania in some cases, states which are also associated with creativity. I don’t want to oversell this, but I will posit it in case anybody finds it, uh, dopaminergic.
There was a theory that schizophrenia was primarily a dopaminergic disorder, because a lot of the drugs that help control it also control dopamine (and mania) by lowering the amount of dopamine in your brain. Schizophrenia is in part a disorder where almost everything that you encounter is meaningful or has hidden subtext, which is the basis of paranoia, and probably why conspiracy theorists are often regarded with extra suspicion; the way they read meaning into relatively disparate elements can’t help but map onto our model of schizophrenia. That said, paranoiacs can create darkly powerful and eerily compelling stories because of their ability to read into passing thoughts and make novel connections between tangentially related information; Alex Jones probably needs psychiatric help but I’m planning on integrating a few of his ideas about CIA ayahuasca black sites contacting the same extradimensional entities that gave space age tech to the nazis into my next game of Delta Green.
So when your thinking is disordered by schizophrenia, you tend to speak nonsense because it’s meaningful to you, or your brain gives relevance and importance to things that are unlikely to actually be pertinent. But then schizophrenics and manics who take antipsychotic drugs calm down but usually end up feeling depressed and unmotivated.
As for mania, a superabundance of dopamine can create mania. It makes the manic person want to approach everything, want to do everything, makes them very very impulsive. It's a pleasurable feeling but it makes them do things that are ill advised because they have an altered perception of risk.
Dopamine and RPGs
Now for the applicability to role playing games. You want to create a situation where there's enough open world for the players to explore so that they can discover Unexpected Things and then as the GM, you need to be adaptable enough so that you can create those things in whatever context is necessary. It shouldn't always be totally consistent, because then it's not unexpected; it should be unpredictable, it should come intermittently, but on the other hand, when the players struggle, when they fight, take risks and win, they expect a reward, and you shouldn't deny it to them then because that's very disappointing and it shuts off their dopaminergic systems, which not only reduces pleasure, but also reduces the drive to even engage with the game world itself. So that's the idea behind relatively open world games where things are happening but the players get to decide exactly what they're going to do. Railroading is anti dopaminergic, because expected rewards don't generate dopamine, and they don't inspire the brightness of mind, the creativity and the confidence that comes from a highly dopaminergic state.
According to the article Patrick posted, that must be why having an extrinsic goal, or even an overly specific short term goal is not pleasurable and makes people lose interest, because it becomes an expected reward, and the unexpected reward is what people love. It can happen when they meet somebody useful they weren't expecting to, when they stumble over some treasure, when they discover a meaningful secret they didn’t see coming, all of that is delightful. But suddenly if they're doing an activity that somebody else expects of them, or if they're doing something with an expected end state, well, they may still get a kick out of a feeling of achievement or accomplishment, but the interest (and again dopamine is what fuels the feeling of *interest* in something) becomes completely lacking. The only thing that is interesting is what you might find to help you along the way. And even then it's in service of a non-dopaminergic goal.
This is pertinent to educators as well as writers and game-makers. The idea is that when you find some information that's on the edge of what you know, which you are capable of learning but is still new, or when you perceive something new that you can integrate but you haven't yet perceived, then your brain lights up. You become extremely dopaminergic and you want to continue reading, or exploring that subject. Sometimes you're listening to somebody talk, and you're just hanging on their every word, because it's in that zone of maximal integrability.
---
Follow up:
Shimrod said in reply: "Thank you, this is fascinating, and gives me a new perspective on so many things in RPGs: why many people enjoy getting the latest sourcebook, why they resent having to get the latest sourcebook, why they enjoy optimising within self-imposed constraints, why they resent well-known optimisation solutions, why they enjoy random tables, and indeed random rolling in general, why it's sometimes so fulfilling for a DM to dream up a game but less so to actually run it..."
I said: "Haha, yes exactly. I think it’s most fun to run a game when the players are capable of surprising YOU. There’s great pleasure in seeing them plan and improvise. That’s why it’s important for players to know from the outset that your game will be player-centric, and that while you’ll be ambiently simulating events in the world, what the party does and what direction they take is fully up to them. This can be explicit or implicit. Part of the fun of running a game is improvising, too, you can surprise yourself in the middle of a game by coming up with new things; thinking can be a process of discovery. That’s one reason why a long linear adventure is bad for a GM too; it boxes in your thinking and is difficult to integrate with improvisation that goes beyond what PCs find in a location. Deciding what the factions are doing in the background based on the party’s actions is like continually creating the game"
